A Panjabi phonetic reader

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A PANJABI PHONETIC READER

Xlbe XonDon ipbonetic 1Rea5crs.

Edited by Daniel Jones.

A German Phonetic Reader. By A. Egan.

An Italian Phonetic Reader. By A. Camilli.

A Cantonese Phonetic Reader. By D. Jones
and KwiNG ToNG Woo.

A French Phonetic Reader. By Daniel Jones.

A Panjabi Phonetic Reader, By T. Grahamb
Bailey.

Jnlernational Phonetic Symbols are used in all the
above Readers.

Zbe Xoii6on ipbonetlc 1Rea5eig.

A PANJABI
PHONETIC READER

T. GRAHAME BAILEY, M.A., B.D.

Fellow of the Paiijab University.

ILottliott : SantbetsittB at Eontititt \$tim

PUBLISHED FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESS, LTD.

BY HODDER & STOUGHTON, WARWICK SQUARE, LONDON, E.C.

1914

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/S/5

PRINTED FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF LONDON PRESSi LTD., BY

RICHARD CLAY AND SONS, LIMITED,

LONDON AND BUNGAY.

PREFACE

By Daniel Jones, M.A., Lecturer in Phoiietics at University
College, London, and at the Uvirersify of Oxford.

This Reader is intended to help those wishing to ac-
quire a colloquial knowledge of Panjabi.

The pronunciation of the language is here for the fiyst
time represented on strictly phonetic principles without
regard to the affinities of the words with cognate words
of other languages. This is the method recommended
by our foremost language teachers,^ and now widely used
in England in connexion with the teaching of French
and other Em-opean languages. The method has the
approval of the Board of Education (see Circular No. 797,
a memorandum on methods of Modern Language Teaching
issuedinl912, §§36, 372).

The system of transcription used is that of the Inter-
national Phonetic Association, this being the alphabet
almost universally adopted ia England in those schools

' See, for instance, Sweet, Practical Study of Languages (Dent),
chaps. 2 and 3, and Jespersen, Moio to teach a Foreign Language
(Swan Sonnenschein), chap. 10.

•^ Published by Wyman, price 2d. This Circular is well worthy
of careful perusal. The Appendix, containing the actual time-tables
and syllabuses of instruction of several of our best schools, is parti-
cularly interesting.

vi PREFACE

and colleges where languages are taught on phonetic
principles.^ The success with which the adoption of this
system has been attended in connexion with European
languages is ample justification for its introduction to a
language to which it is new.

The criticisms of phonetic methods by some who have
had no experience of these methods render it desirable to
point out that the object of phonetic transcription is not
to teach the student how to form speech sounds ; its
object is to teach him how to use the right sound in the
right place in connected speech. The formation of the
isolated sounds is best learned by careful imitation coupled
with a knowledge of phonetic theory (that is, a study
of the positions of the organs of speech in forming the
correct sounds) and the practice of suitable phonetic
exercises.

Mr. Grahame Bailey's unique qualifications for writing
such a -reader as the present are well known to most of
those interested in the Panjabi language. But for the

' There are in existence several hundred books in which the
International Phonetic symbols are employed. These books include
numerous dictionaries, grammars and school text books for the study
of various languages, besides treatises on pronunciation. A list of
about two hundred of the more important works is given in a hook-
let entitled The Principles of the Internatimial Phonetic Association
(obtainable from D. Jones, University College, London, W.C). See
also TheMeans of Training in Phonetics available for Modem Lan-
rjuage Teachers by L. H, Althaus (published by the International
Phonetic Association, price lOd.), where it is stated (p. 6) that " of
twenty-three (English) Universities and Colleges in which French
phonetics is taught twenty-two use the system of the International
Phonetic Association." The system is also very widely used in
schools. It is used, for instance, in all the schools referred to in
the above-mentioned circular of the Board of Education.

PREFACE vii

benefit of those who may not already have heard of his
■work it may be mentioned that he is one of those very
rare Englishmen who can speak an Indian language
exactly like a native, and that he is the author of the
Northern Panjabi translation of the New Testament
and joint author of the only existing Northern Panjabi
grammar.

Testimony as to the accuracy, of Mr. Bailey's work is
therefore needless. It may, however, interest readers to
know that I had an opportunity, when in Lahore in
January 191 3, of testing one of his phonetic texts with
some native Panjabis ; the text was pronounced by them
to be absolutely correct, and they expressed great astonish-
ment when they learned that it had been prepared by an
Englishman.

D. J.

Ukiversity College, London, W. C.
Novemher 29th, 1913.

INTRODUCTION

The pronunciation of Panjabi varies a good deal from
place to place and from speaker to speaker. The style of
speech indicated in this book is that normally used in the
villages round about the towns of Wazirabad and Gujran-
wala (from forty to sixty miles north of Lahore). It is
the speech of those unacquainted with any other language.
Speakers who know Urdu tend to adopt Urdu sounds,
and are apt to substitute 1, n, h, f for 1, n, fi (or ^ ), F,
and to make various changes in the vowels.

EXPLANATION OF PHONETIC
SYMBOLS

The formation of the consonants and vowels of Northern
Panjabi is indicated roughly in the table on p. xii. For
practical reasons a separation has been made in this table
between consonants which require the use of the tip of the
tongue and those which do not. It should be observed
that certain sounds {e.g. s, z, ji) may as a matter of fact
be pronounced either with or without the use of the tip
of the tongue.

PUETHEE DETAILS EEGAEDING THE SOUNDS
Consonants

t, d are dental as in French (not alveolar as in English).

In forming the cerebrals (cacuminals) t, d, n, 1, r, the
tip of the tongue touches or strikes the hard palate far
back, almost at the beginning of the soft palate. These
sounds do not affect the quality of preceding or following
vowels.

c, J are pronounced with the tip of the tongue against
the teeth-ridge (upper front alveolars) a little further back
than the front teeth, the "front" of the tongue being
simultaneously raised to the hard palate. They have no
lip-rounding. They resemble the Italian sounds in ci,
gioia.\

' I regard these sounds as essentially different from the groups
tj, dg, and have therefore used C and j as being the nearest avail-
able single International Phonetic symbols.

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EXPLANATION OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS xiii

The unvoiced (breathed) plosives p, t, c, t, k occur
either absolutely unaspirated or strongly aspirated {i.e.
immediately followed by the s6un.d h). The distinction
betvyeen the aspirated and unaspirated sounds is signifi-
cant. The unaspirated p, t, k are as in Italian. "When
they are aspirated, the aspiration is much stronger than
in the English words pin, tea, come, stronger even than
in the Irish or American pronunciation of these words.

ji is approximately the sound of EVench g .

I) is the sound of English ng in sing.

1, n, though more usually alveolar, are sometimes made
dentally.

Alveolar r is always trilled, never fricative as in English.
When not doubled it is often reduced to a single tap of
the tip of the tongue.

F is " bi-labial /." It resembles the sound made in
blowing out a candle. F, f, and ph are frequently' inter-
changed by villagers. Educated speakers tend to discard
F, but to distinguish clearly f and ph.

u is " bi-labial v." The lips are spread for both F and
u. Labio-dental v does not occur in Panjabi.

w occurs usually as a contraction of u when followed
by a stressed a, as in swani for suani, swar, for suar.

J has no lip-rounding (contrast the English sh which
is rounded by many, if not most, speakers), g, the corres-
ponding voiced sound, does not occur in Panjabi.

j is the sound of y in yes. j is a raised, and therefore
strongly fricative, variety of j.

X resembles the sound of ch in loch, but has somewhat
greater friction when initial.

g is the corresponding voiced sound. It may often be
heard in German as the pronunciation of g in such a
word as Wagen.

xiv EXPLANATION OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS

h occurs as the aspiration of unvoiced (breathed) plosives
but very rarely otherwise. In borrowed foreign words con-
taining h, the h is almost invariably replaced by fi, ci or ' .

R denotes a voiced h,

Vowels

i, I, ae, A, u, u, are similar to the Southern English
vowels in seed, sit, sad, cup, brood, put, respectively. For
i, I, se, A, the lips are more spread than in the case of
the corresponding English sounds. In forming u, and
sometimes u, the lips are protruded ; Scottish speakers
should be careful to keep them distinct.

e, have a somewhat lower tongue position than the
French e, o in the, heau. Unlike the English sounds in
day, go, they are not diphthongs.

a is similar to the English vowel in calm.

resembles the English sound of aiv, but is very short.
It occurs only in contractions ; thus, xore from xAbar e,

9 resembles the first vowel in the English word about,
and is always unstressed.

The following true diphthongs occur, Ai, Ae, ao, ei, In
all other cases each vowel must be separately pronounced.

Length

: means that the sound indicated by the preceding
symbol is long.

- means that the sound indicated by the preceding
symbol is half-long.

The distinction between short and long consonants
is of the greatest importance, and must be carefully
observed by the learner.

The indication of the length of vowels is a matter of
extreme difficulty. The marks of length employed in the

EXPLANATION OF PHONETIC SYMBOLS xv

texts must be regarded as partly tentative, and partly, in
many cases, as showing how the words may in that
connection be pronounced. (In the vocabulary the length
marks have not been used with the vowels.)

Tone

Variations in the tone of the voice form a very remark-
able feature of Panjabi pronunciation. There are two
special tones, apart from the ordinary tone of speaking.
They occur in stressed syllables only.

c indicates a low rising (or low rising-falling) tone. It
begins about a tone above the lowest note which the
speaker can command, rises four or five semitones and
sometimes falls again about a tone. When initial it is
generally preceded by fi. (A foreign h preceding a stressed
vowel and not following an unvoiced plosive consonant
becomes ^. Thus the English words house, behind, would
be pronounced in Panjabi fl^AOS, bicttind.)

" denotes a high falling tone. It is uttered about
a fifth (seven semitones) above the first note of the low
rising tone. The voice generally falls about a tone from
the highest note. (In borrowed words h, following a
stressed vowel and not preceded by an unvoiced plosive,
tends to become " . Thus, the Urdu words cahna, rah
are pronounced in Panjabi cdna, rd.)

Syllables containing both tones are quite common, the
low tone always coming first. Examples : — t^id, " stom-
ach " ; Pcdbi, " brother's wife " ; CeAi)gi, " coppice ".

When several syllables normally having the same kind
of tone come together, it is customary in rapid conversa-
tion to pronounce the tone only in the most strongly
stressed syllables.

xvi EXPLANATION OP PHONETIC SYMBOLS

OTHER MARKS AND ABBREVIATIONS

The mark ' means that the following syllable is
stressed. It has been very sparingly used.

The mark * indicates that the word following is a
proper name.

In the literal translations, a dash — indicates that a
Panjabi word has been left untranslated. Two or more
English words joined by hyphens are translations of a
single Panjabi word. Words in brackets are explanatory
(3 = . . .) means " the three preceding words are together
equivalent to . . . .", etc. ; ( = 2) means " the preceding
English word corresponds to two in the Panjabi text."

BRIEF RESUME OF INFLECTED
FORMS

[To he used with the Vocabulary)

Nouns, Adjectives And Participles

Adjectives in -a, -ea are declined like nouns in -a.
Others are not declined unless used by themselves as
nouns.

The following types may be distinguished : masculine
nouns in -a, other masculine nouns, feminine nouns in -i,
other feminine nouns.

Nouns ending in a nasalized vowel make all the final
vowels nasal.

The locative singular is the same as the oblique for
nouns in -a or -i. Those ending . in a consonant some-
times add -e or -i.

SixGTjLAB Plural

Tpar^ol-
Masculine-l uekh-

[pind-

rkur-
Feminine -juekh-

[kur-

Vbrbs

The following are the masculine forms. When they
end in -a or -ea, the feminine forms are like those of
uekhi above. Transitive and intransitive verbs differ
only in the past tenses. The past of intransitive verbs
agrees with the subject ; that of transitive verbs (really
an old passive) with the logical object, except when the
object is governed by the proposition nu.

2fom. Obi.

Voc.

Norn.

Obl.

Loc.

Voc.

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-ea

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-i

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-a

—

-a

-i

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-ie

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-ia

(-i).

-io

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-a

-a

-1

-0

xviii BRIEF R^SUMfi OF INFLECTED FORMS

Verb Substantive, "I am," "I was."

Pres. ua or a, e, ue or e, &, o, ne.
Past, sa, sAg, si, sa, sao, son.

Transitive Verbs.
(Type word, dAs:, show.)

Inf. -na; agent -anuala, -anala.

Partic, pres. -da, past -ea; passive, pres. -ida,
past -ea fi^oea ; conjunctive -ke (having shown).

Imper. sing. — or -i, plur. -o.

Pres. cond. -a, -e, -e, -ie, -o, -an.

Fut. -aga, -ega, -ega, -dge, -oge, -snge.

Pres. indie, -na (or -na ua), -na e, -da e, -ne a, -de o,
-de ne.

Itnperf. -da sa, -da saS, -da si, -de sa, -de sao, -de san.

Past -ea.

Pres. perf. -ea e (fern, -i e, pi. mas. -e ne, fem. -id ne)

Pluperf. -ea si (fem. -i si, pi. mas. -e san, fem. -ia san).

Intransitive Verbs.

(Type word, tur, walk.)

Past sing., mas. -ea, fem. -i, plur., mas. -e, fem. -ia.
Pres. perf., the same with pres. of verb " to be " added.
Pluperf. „ „ „ past „ „ „

Verbs ending in a vowel contract a few forms. Thus
ro (" weep ") makes 3rd plur. pres. cond. ron, not roan.

Passive.

The passive is formed by using the required tense of
jana ("to go") with past participle of the principal
verb ; thus, phAndea jaaga, I shall go beaten = I shall be
beaten.

Prepositions

Prepositions are generally placed after the word they
govern, thus, "priest of heart on this matter of great
effect became," means, " of this matter op the heart of
the priest there was a great effect."

CONTENTS

PAGE

Prbpace by D. Jones v

Introduction ix

Explanation op Phonetic Symbols . . . xi

Other Marks and Abbreviations . . . . xvi

Brief Ebsume op Inplected Forms . . . xvii

Texts : — "

cora te khote di k^ani 3

* mAnke di ka^ni 5

mAolui sab te bg'grote di k|.ani .... 7

mAle fi^oe rdi di k^ani -9

mera nAoksr 11

dArzi di k|.ani 13

k^ore uecQnualea di k^ani , , . . ■ 15

du }At:d di k^ani 17

ik sdukaT te 6de k^ore 19

Vocabulary 29

A PANJA5I PHONETIC READER

PANJ. B.

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER

Thieves and Ass of Story

One man was, potter, village of dweller, sense some-
what little was-of-him. People him-of one very strange
thing telling are. Saying are that bazar-from one time'
ass buying was-taken by him.- Ass indeed very strong
seeming was, and small age of, and obtained also cheap
was. Man very happy was, heart in singing— going
was. Eoad of side two thieves huqqa — smoking were.
Traveller to having-seen one thief to-say began " look, O,
this what foolish like (man) dancing leaping — going is ? "

By-second was said that " clever him let-ug-admit who
ass steal may-bring and owner to knowledge not be-
attached." By-first was-said that " thou my help do and
I taking will-come." Then both thieves ass man of behind
went. By-one was said " I quietly quietly ass loosing will-
take, and thou him-to quickly horae take gOj afterwards I
myself also return will-come and him-to ass of any know-
ledge not to-be-attached I-will-glve " {i.e., allow). Second
to-say began " indeed my-man, thou then very clever art "
then silently silently |orward they-advanced, that potter
them-of feet of noise not may hear. One thief-by ass of
rope having-loosed own neck upon placing was-taken and
second noiselessly ass to taking went. Short time after

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER

cora te khote di k^oni.

ik bAnda si, kumija-r, pind da rEenoala, Akl zAra k^At
sasu. lo'k 6di ik dadi ajgeb gAl sunande ne. dnde ne
pAi bazaro ik uari khota mul lea su. khota te bAra
tAgra ja'pda si, te b^At umr da, te milea ui sAsta si.
jAna bAra xiij si, dil ic gAonda lAg^a janda si. rd de
kAnde do cot fi^ukia pAe pinde san. rdi nil ue-xke ik
co-r akihen lAga "ue'x oe, d k6ro C;.Al:a jea nAcda tApda
lA^a jAnda e? "

duj:e ak:hea pAi " siana 6nu mAn:ie jera khota cu'ra*
le'aue te malak nu pAta na Ugie." pSfel'e akihea pAi
"tu* meri mAdat kAr te mas Ise aoaga." re-r doue cot
khote uale de mA^ar gAe. ik:i akihea " mS fijAoli iijAoli
khota kho'l lagd, te tu- onS. cheti k^Ar Ise jaT, mA^aro mse
apu ui pArt auaga te onu khote da koi pAta nei Ugian
deaga." duj:a ak:han Uga " iijAld uAi, tu- te cokha
siana e." Fer cup ca'pite Aqa uAde, pAi kumj^aT 6na de
paera da khra'k na sune. ik cot khote da ras:a kho'lke
apni tjAon te pa* lei te duj:a mAlkri khote nu Ise gea.

8 B 2

4 A PANJABI PHONETIC READER

former-man having -stopped backwards to-puU began,
when by-potter having-turned was-looked, then what was-
seen ? that a man tied having-been is. Him-to was^said
" friend, this what matter is ? " he-said " by-me mother
to abuse ejected was, and punishment for ass become
went." That poor-fellow-by him-to again leave given-was
(2 = was let go). Second to-morrow he again bazar went
that some ass buying take-may-come, and that-very ass-to
there tied having-been was-seen,him-to stick having-struck
to-saybeg^n "ah wretched-one, by-thee indeed again own
mother to abuses ejected will be, this-time I thy near-
ness-from having-escaped remain." So-much matter
having-said another direction going went.

Manka of Story.

One Hindu of nearness calf was, whose name Manka
was. That man quite"alone alone living was, not his any
wife was and not any child child. Only this-very calf
was, and him-of with much love making was. One day
of matter is that that calf die went. Great that man to
sorrow became, head was-shaved and mourning of clothes
were-put-on. Out having-gone him-to one friend met,
said " this what matter is, what became, well-being indeed
is, (is) not (it) ? " Said " alas, alas, Manka complete become
went,'' and to weep engaging ifell (2 = began). Enough
so-much matter became, p,nd his friend-by also own house
having-gone and head having-shaved mourning-of clothes
putting-on v/ere-taken, this-very way, that second to having
seen, one other man-by also that-very matter was-done,
and third to having-seen by-fourth that-very work was-
done and becoming becoming (2 = gradually) city of nobles
up-to matter arriving went, and finally by-vizier also head

A PANJABI PaONETIC HEADER B

thore cir pic.he A^la jAna Arke pija khician Ia^q, jAd
kumija-r murke uekliea te ki- dit:ha pAi ik bAnda bXd:a
fijOea e. onu akhea " jq'J' a ki gal: e," Axe "mfe beb:e
nu gQ'l kAdii si te sza uaste khota bAn gea." os uacare
onu Fer chAd dit:a. dupe p^Alak 6 mur bezar gea pAi koi
khota xrid leaue, te ose khote nu ot:he bAdia fijOea
ditiha, onu sota marke akihen Ia^q " uah namu'rada, tu
te Fer Apni beb:e nu gala kAdiia fi^ongia, aetki mie tere
kolo bAcke r£fen:a." inii gAl axke fijOri pass tur gea.

"'mAnke di k^ani.

ik:i iijindu de ko'l uAc:ha si, jida na* * mAnkd si. 6
JAna bilkul kAl makAlia rSfenda si, na oda koi tAbier si te
na koi bal bAc:a. nira ij:oi UAc:ha si, te ode nal bAra pia-r
kArda si, ik din di gAl: e pAi 6 V)Ac:ha mAr gea. bAra
OS jAne nu erso's fi^oea, sir munaea te matem de kApre
pae. bAn:e ja-ke onti ik do'st tAk:rea, Axe " e ki* gAl: e,
ki' fi^oea, xser te &^se na ? " Axe " ficAe fi^Ae mAnka pvra
fi^o gea," te ro'n dse pea. bAS in:i gAl fi^oi, te 6de ja-r
ui Apne k^Ar ja'ke te sir muna'ke matam de kApre pa*
lAe, ese tAra, os duj:e nu uexke, ik:i fi^or bAnde ui lio gAl
kiti, te tripe nu ue-xke cAot:he 6i kAm kita, te fi^ondea
fijondea Jsfer de reisa tiker gAl: Ap:9r gei, te chekre uazi-r

6 A PANJABI PHONETIC JlEABER

having-shaved mourning-of clothes were-put-pn. . Then
by-King was-asked, "why, vizier sir, matter indeed tell."
To-say began, " alas alas, Manka complete become gone
is, all weeping are fallen," he said. King to news indeed
any not was that Manka who is, but shame of cause asked
asked straw even not (3 = nothing). Enough, whatever by
others was-done, by-him also was-done. Queen ajnazed •
having-become began to-ask that " whose mourning is? "
by King was-shown that " Manka of." She-said "oh, great
sorrow of matter is, but sir Manka is v/ho ? " King pooir- '
fellow silent becoming remained, then having-thought

to-say began " (very well) I vizier from ask take."

Him-to also trace any not. In-this-very way asking
causing-to-ask real man up-to arriving went.

By-him answer was-given that "Manka my calf was."
So-much matter having-said aloud aloud to-weep begin fell
(2 = began). When all to trace attached (4 = all learned)
that by-US all cattle-animal after head was-shaved, so-great
shame came that anyone to anything saying equal-to not
remained.

Maulawi Gentleman and Kid of Story.

One waterman of kid was, his house in dwelling was
and his hand-from fodder eating was. Him apart-from
other any she-goat he-goat his house in not was. One day
that kid him from being-lost went, liim-to great anxiety
fall went (2 = became), all sides-on him to-seek began.
Anywhere even sight-in not fell, he but pursuit not leaves,
villages in, fields in, wells on, trees under, every direction
seeking remained. One day at-evening this-very matter
of anxiety in — going was, and one bare place (in) one
priest evening-of prayer reciting was — . This man own

A PANJAB I PHONETIC READER, 7

ui sir munQ'ke matom de kApre pae. mur raje puc:,hea
"kju uezrr ji gAl te sunao." akihan Uqa "iijAe fi^Ae
mAnka pura fi^ogea ue, saire ronde ne pAe " Axe, raje
nu XAbar te koi net si pAi mAnka kAon e, pAr jArm dea
marea pucihea gic:hea kAkih ui na. bAS jo ktrj fi^orna
kita ose ui kita. rani fij8ra'n fijoke lA^i pucihen "pAi
ktda matam e ? " raje dAs:ea pAi " mAnke da." Axe
" oh;o dadi gfsos di gAl: e, pAr ji mAnka fi^se kAon."
raja ugcara cup: fi^o rea, rer so'cke ak:hen lAqa, " Ise UAi ,
mse vezi'r kolo pucli len:a." onu ui pAta kai nei, ese
tAra puchde pu'chande as} jAne tai pAoo gAS.

OS jwab dit:a pAi " mAnka mera uAcha si," m:i gAl:
axke ic:i t;c:i ro'n lAg pea. jAdo sarea nu pAta lAg:a
pAi Asa sAbna dAgger pic:he sir munaea, ed:i jArm ai .
pAi kise nu kuj akihan joge nei rAe.

mAoIui sdb te bs'grote di k^oni.

ik:i ma'Jki da be'gro-ta si, ode k^Ar uic rsfenda si te ode
fijAtiho pAt,:be kbanda si. ode bajo fi^or koi bAkri bAkra
ode k^Ar nei si. ik dm 6 bogrota 6de kolo khra'c geoi
onu bAj^a fikr pa gea, sAbni pasi onu lAb:8n lA^a. kitale
ui nAzrl nei pea, 6 pAr khaera na chAd:e, pinda uie, paelia
uic, khoa te, ruk:ha fT^eth, sAb dare lAbda rea. ik dm
Jam! ese gAl de fikr uic kga janda si, te ik r^re tlia ik
meluana Ja-mdi nama-z pArda si pea. ^ jAna Apne

8 A PANJABI PHONETIC READER

thought in him from-in-front— passing went; teacher
quickly quickly prayer having-finished him after ran and
to-say began that "thou 0-fool, what cow-house of
bullock having run come art, that my prayer reciting
(during) me near-from passing art?" Kid man to-say
began, " teacher gentleman, me forgiven make, me from
mistake become is, but one thing of," he said "me-to
great - thought is, say and I may-tell." "Tell then"
he-said " — • — (by all means)." He to-say began
" teacher sir, I indeed own lost goat of so-much anxiety
and thought in was that me-to other any matter of
remembrance not remajned, and you-to by-me seen even
not was. You indeed God of name having-taken prayer
— reciting were, and yet even you here there of matters
of thought doing were, and me also seeing were, this
somewhat upsidedown matter seeming is." Priest of
heart on this matter of great effect became and always
that after when prayer reciting was, eyes having shut
God of thought in continuously remaining was.

Rubbed been (2 = Sick) Traveller of Story.

In one place alone house in one man dwelling was, him
near one traveller came. Traveller him-to to-say began
that " by-me " he said " doctor near going is." By-him
him-to bread was-asked and four loaves hiqi before placing
were given. Then some vegetable to-bring went; his
vegetable bringing bringing that traveller-by the-four
loaves rubbing left were (2 = were gobbled). He then other
loaves to-take went, and so-much time in by-him all vege-
table eating was taken. He poor-man again four loaves
having-placed other vegetable for back turned, and when
returnei was-seen that these also four loaves this holv-

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER 9

ticQ'n uic ode Agio di lAij gea; mAolui jitabi Jitabi
nama-z muka'ke ode mA^er p^Ajiea te akihan lA^a pAi
"tu', ^moka, keri ktrr da t^Agia nAske aea e pAi mere
nama-z pArdea mere nereo lAijna e?" be^^ro'te uala
akiban Ia^q pAi " mAolui sdb menu mua'f kArna, mere
kolo gAlti fi^oi e, pAr ik gAl da " Axe " menu bAra xia-l e,
akho te m« dAs:a." " dAs xa," Axe " ji' sAdke." 6
ak:han lA^a " mAolui ji m» te Apne guace bAkre de ed:e
Fikr te tjia'n uic sa pAi menu fi^or kise gAl da thAO nei
rea, te tu^anu mae dit:ha ui nel si. tusi te * rAb da na-
laeke nama'Z pAe pArde sad, te ta- ui tnsi edier odiar
dia gAha da xia-1 kArde sao^ te menu xA uende sao, e
zAra put:hi gAl ja'pdi e." maluane de dil te es gAl da
bAra Asr fi^oea te m^e-Ja pdu Ag:e jAd nema-z pArda si
Ak:hia mi-tke *rAb de ti^a-n uic bara'bar r^nda si.

mAle fi^oe rdi di ka^ni.

ik:i tha kAl:e makan uic ik JAna rfenda si, ode kol ik
rai aea. rdi onu akhian Ia^q pAi " mse " Axe " dagdar
kol jana e." os 6nu roti puc:hi te car rotia 6de Ag:e rAkb
ditiia. Fer kdj saluna leAon gea ; ode saluna leAondea
leAondea os rdi care rotia rAgr chAd:ia, 6 mur fi.or rotia
Isen gea, te on:e cir uic os sara saluna kha lea. 6 uacara
Fer oar rotia rAxke fi^or saluna uaste pija murea te jAdo
pArtea dit^ia P^i ^- ui care rotia es fi^Azrat muka leiu

10 A PAJf JABI PHONETIC READER

one-by finishing taten are. This way becoming remained,
and finally sixteen loaves eating were-taken by-him.
House man-by then pursuit leaving vyas-given (3 = he
gave it up). Afterwards him from to-ask began that
"Thou what matter-for doctor near gone art?" he said
" by-me some digestion of medicine taking is, me-to hunger
altogether not is-attached." By-this was-said "friend
when thou well having-become wilt-return, this road not
come."

My Servant.

Me near one broom of work for servant was, very
faithful was, work about him ever not was rebuking fallen.
Straight simple was. One time inoculation attacher-by
him-to was-asked that "thy how-much age is.'' "Hun-
dred years " he-said. By-him was-said " nonsense, thy
so-much age then not seems.'' By-him again was-said
" well, my-man, twenty years writing take then." Was—
indeed he bachelor but four times by-him marriage
making of attempt was-made. First time his wife him
from running-went, second turn one other servant-by his
marriage of arrangement was-made, and that wife to by-
gentleman compound from eject was-left (2 = was ejected).
Third time by-him effort was-made and third wife dying
went of-liim. Last time strange like thing became, by-
him one Hindu-woman with, who another city-from come
was, arrangement-was-made. By-us indeed to-him said

was " (well) just having-thought work do, this

somewhat doubtful— thing seeming is." Well, two three
days this way matter remained. One day he some work
for city-to went. When returning came, by-people him-to
was-shown that " thee behind police came and thy wife to

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER 11

ne. ese tlra fi^onda ; rea, te chekre sola rotia kha leia
su. kjAr udle Fer khaera cliAd dit:a. mAgaro ode kolo
pucihon Ia^ci pAi " tu keri gAhe k^im kol cAhea e." Axe
" m& koi ficOzme di dwai laeni e menu p^rkih i k:i neT
Ugdi." es akhea "jar- jAd tu uaI: ficOke pArteda es rd.
na aul."

mera nAokar.

mere kol ik c^aru de kAm te nAoker si bAra uAFada'r
si, kAm ua1:6 onu kAdi net si tlia'kna pea. sid:a sada si.
ik uari tika la-nuale 6nu prc:hea pAi " teri km:i umr e? "
" sAO uAre" Axe. os aklied "fiekiliQ teri inii'umr te nM
ja'pdi." OS mur akhea "fijAla uAi ul sal lix las Fer."
fi^aesi te 6 kuara pAr car oeri os bid kArn dikojij kiti.
pieM uari odi UA6ti 6de kolo has gei, drj:e phere ik:i fi^or.
nAoker ode uift da bAndebAst kita, teos jenani nu sdb'
fixate uic:o kAd CAd:ea. trijii uari os jAtn kita te trijii
swcinii mAtgei su. cliekgrli uari Qjseb jei gAl ficoi. os ik:i
ficiridi^ nal;.'jeri fijor \&vo ai si, bAndabAst kita. asu te"
onu akhea si "Ise uaI ZAra sAmjke kAm kAri, e kuj jAk
uali.gAl ja-pdi e." xser do tras di^-are. ese tArcL gAl rei.:
ik dm 6 kise kAm lAi.S&r gea. jAd pArt aSa.loka onu
dAsiea paI "tere pic:he pulsuale ae ,te teri uAoti nu

12 A PANJABT PHONETIC READER

taken-away ( = 2) are." What time I England going went
by-me him-to house of guarding for was-left. Afterwards
news came that him house of near some snake bit and he
that-very day dying went. This thing having-heard me-to
great sorrow became. One time him-to plagUe also become
was and very ill remained, but that time saved remained.
One day of matter is that very ill — was and one man him
near having-come his bracelets to-take-o£f began. He
indeed unconscious fallen — was, but yet him-to somehow
knowledge was that this man what — doing is, and having-
risen him-to embrace putting was-taken (3 = embraced).
Other iiardly having-escaped olvh house running went.

Tailor of Story.

One literate — -tailor one village in work doing —
(habitually) was. One day iim near that village of priest
shirt to-cause-to-sew came. Tailor him to pipe handed
(saying) that " two three puffs attach take." He-said
"both pipe smoke, and both some thing tell." By-him
was-said that " tailor sir, by-toe one very strange thing
one book in yesterday read was. !Prom-Delhi by-me
book was-got, and it in written — is that whose small
head and long beard is, he mad is; no^knowihg true
is or false." By-this-one was-said "no sir, this thing
indeed not, isn't-it-so, anyone to-believe is-going." Well
short time having-sat priest own house going went, and
tailor in-reasonings was-attached — (3 = began to think).
To him reaUty in this matter-for great anxiety was because
his beard long was and head small. He to-think began
that " I what may-do ? head indeed my big not to become
is-going. Yes, oxte thing to-'become being-able is, beard

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER 13

IsB khAre ne." jes uele mse uiljet tcr gea mse onu k^Ar di
rakhi uaste clud:ea. mA^ero XAber ai pAi onu kothi de
nere koi kira Urea te 6 ose dm mAr gea. e gAl sunke
menu bAra ersos B^oea; ik uari 6nu taun ui fi^oi si te
cokha bamar rea pAr os uele bAc rea. ik dm di gAl e pAi 6
bAra mAlea fijOea si te ik jAna 6de kol a-nke 6de kAgiAn
Idn lA^a, 6 te be^oj pea fi^oea si pAr ta ui onu kiue pAta
si pAi 6 JAna ki pea kArda ue, te uthke 6nu JAp:ha pa*
lea. A^la mAsa bAcke Apne k^Ar nAS gea.

dATzi di kcOni.

ik pArea fijOea dArzi ik pind uic kAm kArda fi^onda gi.
ik dijare ode kol os pind da mlja e^igia swa-n aea.
dArzi 6nu fi^ukia pheraea, pAi " do trae su't la* lae." Axe
" nale fi^ukia pi' te nale koi gAl suna." os akhea pAi
" xe'lifa }i, mse ik dddi gjaeb gAl ik kita'b uic kAl pAri si.
*dil:io mje kita-b marjgai, te 6de uic lixea fi^oea e pAi jlda
nlk:a sir te lAm:i ddri e 0' c^Aha ue. xpre sac e ki CcU'th."
es akhea "na ji e gal te nel na koi mAnian lAqa." xaer
thora eir bsfeke mija Apne k^Ar tur gea, te dArzi dslil! Ug
pea. onvL Asl uic es gAl:e bdla fikr si pAi 6di ddri lAm:i
si, te sir chota-.- 6 socon U^a pAi ta& ki kAra, sir te
mera uAdia nel bAnan Ia^o. fi^a, ik gAl fi^o SAkdi e,

14 A PANJABT PHONETIC READER

I having-cut somewhat small to make being-able am."
Tliis-very thought in scissors searohing-for engaging fell
(2 = began). That anywhere not-is found. Finally get-
ting-tired helplessness with another remedy was thought.
Lamp having-lit own beard of near was-brought. Left
hand with beai'd was-seized, and r'ght with lamp. His
meaning was that very-little — beard small may-become.
Pire attaching indeed went, but quickly quickly hand up-to
arriving went. What time began to-burn, by-him hand
own save was-taken, and beard leave was-given (2 = was
left) ; and all beard burnt went. Him-to great shame came,
and thought to-make began that "truly truly whatever,
that book in written — was quite correct was. This in
what doubt is? By-me great folly was-done.''

Horses Sellers of Story.

One country in one king was whom-to racing of great
liking was. One day him near five seven Arabia of
merchants came who horses selling — (habitually) were.
Saying were that " our country in very beautiful horses
are, which wind than even swift to-run being-able are."
This thing having-heard king of eyes open went. Mer-
chants to by-him many rupees were-given and order
was-given that "haste having-made own country go and
so-much price of horses bring." They salute having
made own way going went.

That king one laughter of things maker servant
keeping— (habitually) was whose service this-very was
that fun of things may-say (habitually) — and own master
to may-make-Uugh — (habitually). Those men of go
going after one day king maker-laugh to having called
'him-to ta-say began that " as-many my country in first

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER 15

'ddri mse kAtrke ZAra nik:i kAr SAkna m. ese xial uic
ksenci lAbcen dsfe pea. 6 kitale na lAbie. chekre Akke
lacari nal fi^or elci-j socea. diuct ba-lke Apni dari de nere
leanda, khAb:e fi^Ath ncil dari phAri, te SAj:e nal bAt:i.
6da iDAtkb si pAi zera- ku dclri nik:i fi^o jae. Ag kg te
gei, pAr cheti cheti fijAth tai Apiar gei. jes uele Uga
SArn, OS fijAth Apna beca* lea te dari chAd difc:i, te sa-ri
dari SAr gei. onii d&di jArm ai, te xial kArn U^a pAi
■ " sAc:i muc:i jo ktij os kitab uic lixea fi^oea si bilkul thik
si. ede uic ki JAk: e? mae bAm c^Alpuna kita."

kcore uecanualea di k^oni.

ik:i mulx oic ik ba-dja si jinu kord^Aor da bAm jAok
si. ik dm ode kol pAnj SAt *Ar8b de su'dagar ae jere
k^ore uecde fijOnde san. dnde san pAi " sad:e de'S ujc
ddde s6ne kjOre ne jere va nalo ui trik:he p^Aj SAkde ne."
e gAl sunke ba-dja dia Akihia tgiar geia, sudagara nu os
bAre rupAJie dit:e te fi^ukni dit:a pAi " fi^ila kArke Apne
mulx jao te in:e mul de k^ore liao." 6 selam kArke Apne
rd tor gAB.

6 ba'dja ik fi^asre dia gAha kArnala nAokor rAxda
fijOnda si, jidi nAokori Ijioi si pAi Iser dia gAl:a kAre kAre
te Apne malok nil gs^ae kAre. 6na JAnea de tur jan
pic:he ik dm ba'dja as^a-nuale nu kwa'ke 6nii akihan
lAga pAi " jin:e mere mulx uic Abiol dArje de c^Ahe n§ 6na

16 A PANJABI PHONETIC READER

class of madmen are, them of list make." By-thiswas
said "this see, by-me ready make left is (3 = is made),
and all of first by-me your name written — is." By-king
was-said " by-me what folly done is, that my name writing
done is ? " He-said " these sellers you near came and by-
you them to rupees were given, that 'having-gone horses
bring.' They when to-bring are going ? " By-king was-
said " no, my-man, perhaps, who-knows ?, bringing even
they-may-eome." "Then indeed" he said "I them of
names first will-write by-wliom so-great idiocy was-done
that horses were-brought, and then your name second
place upon will-come."

Two Farmers of Story.

Two farmers were father son. One day they ass with
(-them) having-taken city — going were. By-father son
to was-said "look, son, thou just mounted become."
Boy to ass upon mounted having-seen travellers to-say
began " what graceless boy is, father indeed poor-fellow
walking — going is, and this young-man ease with enjoy-
ments — stealing is." This thing having heard son
disnaounting went, and his father mounting went. Other
men city -from — coming were, in-laughing engaged — , that
" thou indeed fine unmerciful man art, that little (one) to
to-walk giving {i.e., allowing) art. Shame not comes to-
thee? " This after they both men mounted — then people
aloud aloud to-say began, that " these God of men not,
who so-great cruelty doing are? This way indeed not
being-done — (habitually) is."

■Then they quickly descending went, and by-father son
to was said that " only-one thing remaining is, we both
men ass to lifting may-take." When by -people was-seen

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER 17

di ferist benct-."* es ak'hea " ci uexa, mse fcicii- IcAr chAd:i
e, te sareci to p&l'e mi£ tu^adia na lixea fi^oea e."
ba'dja akheci " mte kera sfemakpunci kita e pAi mera na
dArj kita e?" Axe "e uecenuale tu^ad:e kol ae, te tusu.
6na nu rupAJ:e dit:e pAi ja-ke k^ore liao. 6 kAdo liAon
lAge?" ba'dja akhea " na uAi, Jsed xore Ise i Aon."
"ta- te " Axe "mae 6na de na p^l-e lixaga jina ed:i
beuakufi kiti pAi k^ore liande, te per tt;.ad:a na dijie
dArje te auega."

du ;At:a di k^ani,

do jAt san pjo putier. ik dm 6 khota nal laeke Jefer lAge

jande san. pjo putier nu akbea, " uex putier tu zaiti

swa-r fifO.'' munde nu khote te swa-r ue'xke red akihgn

lA§e — " kea namurad mi nda e, cacia ta uacara turda

lA§a janda e, te e ju'an niAze nal libu pea lutda e." ^ gAl

sunke putier l£fe gea, te oda cacia clr gea. fi^or jAne \Ato

lA§e Aonde san, fiAsian d^ pAe, pAi " tu te uciua ber^m

a'dmi e, pAi riik:e nu turn den:a e. jArm net Aondi a ? "

ede pic:he 6 doue jAne cAr pAe. pe-r lok uc:i tc:i akihen

lA^e, pAi " e *rAb de bAnde net jere ed:i sAxti kArde ne?

es tAra ta nei kArida fi^onda e."

. per 6 cheti utr gAe, te pjo putiar nu akhea pAi

" ik:oi gAl. ,rAndi e, asi doue JAne khote nu cuk leije."
PAN J, E.

18 A PANJABI PHONETIC READER

that " two men ass having-litted by-road by-road— going-
are " they so-much laughed that these poor-men to for-
hiding suitable place not met. Quickly ass to shoulders
from down having-lowered on-ground was-stood. Then
father to-say began that " now indeed to-me advice com-
ing-went (2 = has come). As-long till we only people of
word-to are-attached, by-them to-us anywhere to-stand
even not to-be-given {i.e., allowed). Henceforward to we
only own profit loss may-think, and own road — may-go.
Neither indeed we any other of work may-spoil, and not
ours anyone by may-be-spoiled." Son to also thing good
appeared, and they both own wish according to-walk
began, sometimes father mounted became, sometimes son,
sometimes ass to breath giving for both walking went ;
neither anyone from advice was-asked, and not anyone to
advice was-given.

One Merchant and his Horses.

Amritsar city in one merchant (or banker) living was.
To-him thought falling went (2 = came) that " if I horse
keep then people my great honour will do." That place-in
year of year (3 = every year) one strong (important) fair
becoming is. That fair in having-gone long time search-
ing remained and finally one by-him good fast mare
buying was taken. Colour according-to she black black
was ; and wind than faster. Heart indeed his very happy
was, own all acquaintances with her matter doing (saying)
was, that " come my mare indeed looking take (2 = look
at), very beautiful is.''

One day to-him journey to-make befell. Groom to
having-called great emphasis was-made that " of-this
good manner with protection do. Near not any strange

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER 19

jAcI loka oekliea pAi " do bAnde khota cLik'ke sArko

SAi'ke lAge jcinde ne" 6 in:e fi(.As:e pAi cna uacarefl

nu cliApian jogu thci nci mileci. Jtabi khote nu mondea

to fi^ethci kike Pc'jie khelcireci. mi:r pjo ak:hen Ia^q

pAi " fi^rn ta manu niAt ci' gei_ jicar tikar asI nire

loka de cikhe Ugiie, ona scinu kitale khlon ui nel dena.

Ag:e nu asI bAS Apna nAPa rn k'scin socie, te Apne rd

lAge jaie. ncr te asI kise dijie da kAm uegarie, te

na sadiQ kise kolo ui^re." prt:er nu ui gAl CAr)gi

lAg:i, te 6 doue Apni mArzi nal trrn Uge, kAdi pjo

swa-r fijOea, kAdi put:ar, kAdi khote nu sci dwan uaste

doue trrde gAe, na kise kolo sld puc:hi, te na kise
nu slci dit:i.

ik sduktt'r te fide k^ore

* AmbarsAr J^r uic ik sduka-r rsenda si. 6nii xjal
pae gea, pAi "je mse k^ora rAk:ha ta lok meri bAri
iziat kArnge." os tha sal de sal ik tAgm mala
fij^onda e. os male uic jake cokha cir lAbda rea te
chekre ik os fi^AOihi trikihi k^ori mul lei. rAgg uaho
6 kali sjd si, te va nalo ui trik:hi. dil te oda bAra
xuj si, Apnea sarea janua nal odi gAl kArda si, pAi
" caI meri k^ori te ue'x lae, uduci soni e."

ik dm onu SAfr kArna pea. s^i'S nu kwake bAri

takid kiti pAi " edi uaI tArfl nalrakhi kArl. liere na

c a '

20 A PANJABI PHONETIC RKADER

man to to-eome give (i.e., allow)." By-groom was-said
' repentance, sir, power is ? (4 = God forbid, is it possible ?)
I indeed yom- coming until to-sleep even not am-going.
You fully without-care remain. Her any harm not to-
become is-going." This matter having-heard he station-
to going went, and ticket having-taken one-and-a-half in
(i.e., in intermediate class) sitting went.

That-very carriage of near one his friend standing was.
Salutation having-made to-ask began that " thou whither
prosperity with gone art?" He-said " To-Gujranwala
to-go is." By-him was said " By-me indeed to-Wazirabad
going is." " Come then, with with (2 = together) journey
let-US-make." By-him was-said "I indeed before sitting
am." "This what direction (kind) of matter is," he said,
'here having-come sit go" (2 = sit). Well compelled
having-made to-him that-very carriage in was-seated.

Way in in-matters attached fell (3 = began talking).
His friend to-say began that " repentance, sir (i.e., God
forbid), to-day to-morrow (2 = nowadays) of very bad age
is, what things now being-heard are our mother father of
age in ever not were becoming." " What things, any
strange thing become is?" By-him was-said "take
friend (2 = well then), I quite new thing telling-am.
Ballu thief of matter indeed not, isn't-it-so, heard bein^
is (i.e., you've not heard). He indeed theft for so-much
famous become is that what shall-I-tell ? " By-merchant
was-asked "what kind of theft doing is-he ? " By-him
was-said " omitting indeed any kind of not, but great
fancy cattle horses taking going of is."

This matter having-heard his startledness emerging
went (4 = was startled). To-ask began "where living
is ? " By-him was-said " house indeed in-Harr of-him-is,
from Amritsar half-league distance, but theft city in also

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER' 21

kise opre admi iiu Aon del." s^i'S akhea "tAoba ji,
mejal e? mee te tu^adie Aon tiker sAon ui net Ia^q.
tvsi pure booint rlo. 6da koi nuksan nel fi^on Ia^q."
e gAl sunke 6 stejn trr gea te tikot Iseke d^ore uic
bsfe gea.

ose gAd:i de nere ik 6da jar khlota si. selam
kArke pucihen Ia^^q pAi "tu kit:he sukh nal oAlea e."
Axe "*kirjraale jana e." os akhea "mae te *U9ziraba'd
jana e." " caIo rer, nalo nal SAfr kArie." os akhea
m£e to Ag:e bsetha ua." "e kere da* di gAl: e" Axe
"et:he ake h& ja." xasr mej'bur kArke 6nu ose gAd'.i
UIC b^aea.

ret UIC gAl: I kg pAe. oda dost ak:h9n lAga pAi
"tAoba uAi, Aj kAl da bAra bira zemana e, jerici gAha
fi^un sunidia ne sad:e ma pjo de zamane IcAdi nel
san fi|;rndia." " keojeia gAha, koi ocArj gAl fi^oi e?"
OS akhea "Ise UAi, mee bilkul nAuI gAl sunan:a, *bAl:u
ccr di gAl te net na stni fi|.oni e. 6 td cori uaste
ed:a mASafijU-r fi^o gea e, pAi ki dAs:a?" saukau-
pLc:hea "kis tAra di cori kArda e?" os akhea
"chAdda te kise tAra di nel, pAr bAota jAok t^Agie
kjOre liB jaii da e."

e gAl sinke oda trd nikl gea. puc:hon k^a "kit:he
r^nda e?" os akhea "k^Ar te *iicAiT su, *Amb9rsAro
ko pasiji^a, pAr cori Jifer uic ui bAot kArda e." scluka-r

22 A PANJABI PHONETIC READER

much doing is." Merchant poor-man of colour yellow
becoming went, to-say began " my one very beautiful mare
new bought having-been is. Of -her indeed not he anywhere
desire may-do." His friend-by was-said that "largely
indeed this-very-thing doing is. When has-been-seen
that owner from-house going went, then indeed theft
doing is. So-much clever is that to-him all of rising
sitting of knowledge is. When by-anyone journey making
is, then even he trace attaching taking is (4 = finds out).
Then whether day may-be, whether night, he waiting is
what-time until servants sleeping not take (3 = fall asleep),
then quiet quiet inside entering is, and rope having-
opened cattle or horse to take going is. His two three'
companions also are, someone of hand-to having-caused-
to-hold (sc. the animal) some distant village-to sending
is, and himself having-gone the-fun watching is."

Merchant poor-man — is-restless, but what may-he-do?
Mail train in seated was, and train-by Lahore having-
gone stopping was. Well, with-dif&culty without-difificulty
time passing went. Lahore having-arrived at-once de-
scending went. Two hours waiting befell, a-quarter-less
three hours-in Amritsar going it-arrived. Station from
ekka was-made {i.e., hired), ekka man to was-said that
" horse having-pressed cause-to-go." House having-
arrived haste with double fare was given and inside he-
entered. Entering upon stable towards sight was-made
and was-seen that empty is.

Standing for strength not remained. Asking causing-
to-ask known became (=2) that one servant piece to-eat
going gone was, second seated protection — doing was, and
eye just sticking went of-him (5 = fell asleep). Enough,
when former servant returning came to-say began " rise,
O sense beaten-one (2 = senseless), mare where is?"

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER 23

uecare da I'Aijg pila fi^o gea, akihen lAga " meri ik
dadi soni k^ori nAuI xridi fi^oi e, oda te net 6 kitale
kAsd kAre." ode dost akhea pAi "bAota ta lj:oi kArda e.
jAd uekhea pAi malok k^Aro tur gea, ta i cori kArda e.
ed:a siana e, pAi 6nu sarea de utihsin been da pAta
e, JAd kise SAfr kArna e, ta vi 6 pAta la lenda e, Far
p^aue dm fi^oue, P(.aue ro't, 6 udikda e jicer tikar
iiAoker SAO na Isen, Far cup capita Andar UArda e te
I'ASia kholke t^Agie ja k^ore nu Ise janda e. oda do
trae sathi ui ne, kise de fi^Ath pharake kise diradie
pind torda e, te ape jake tamaja uexda e."

sauka-r uecara pea tArpe pAr ki kAre? da'k gAd:i
uic bsetha si te gAd:i *ljAor jake khlona si, xser Aokha
SAokha uela Iaij gea. *ltAor Apiarke CtAt utr gea.
do k^seiite udikna pea te Far *AmbersAr janisali gAclii
mil pAi. 6 si lokal, pAoni triu k^senti *Amb8rsAr ja
plonci. stejn to JAk:a kita, JAk:e uale nu akhea pAi
"k|.ora dAbke uaga." k^Ar Ap:9rke kdl nal duna p^ara
dit:a te Andor uArea. uArdea sa-r stAbal uaI nAzr kiti
te uekhea pAi SAkhna ue.

khlon jo^i takat nei rei. puclidea pu'chandea malum
fijO gea pAi ik nAoker tckiar khan tur gea si. dujia
bsetha rakhi pea kArda si, te Akh zAra Ug gei su.
bAsjAd A^la nAokar pArt aea akhaiji. Uga "u^h oe ba*

24 A PANJABI PHONETIC READER

More what to-tell was ? Her any trace not-was-attached.
Long time merchant pohce from search also causing-tobe-
made remained. Many men to seized also it-was-by-
them, but anyone from theft of trace not to-attach were-
able.

Theft of by-merchant so-much grief was-eaten, that all
to thought was that by-him life-during other any mare
not keeping (sc. will be), and truly truly some eight ten
years kept also not was-by-him. Bight ten years after
to-him again keeping of reasoning coming went (2 = came).
This time white horse from-Gujrat was-taken by-him. It
also feeble not was, it in only so-much matter was, trap
upon accustomed become not was. Then also (2 = even
so) by-him was-said that " two three times harnessing
we-will-take and accustomed will-go" {i.e., become).

When by-them harnessed was, it this way went that
understand whole age this-very trade doing it-remained.
Merchant also to-think began that " this indeed good
property to-hand came." But one day he some village
some debtor from rupees to-take gone was. Going time
(i.e., on the way there) horse quite right gone was, but
returning time who-knows to-it what became ( = 2). Sud-
denly it out-of-oontrol to-run engaging fell (2 = began).
Merchant force having-attached reins pulls, but horse not
attends. Finally road of one side trap upsetting was-
given (2 = was upset). Merchant and groom head upon
falling fell. When sense coming went (2 = returned) to-
them, slowly slowly falling falling own house they-arrived.
Three weeks beds upon full-length fallen remained. That
horse one farmer to having-sold giving was-left.

Again even one time horse taken-was by-him, red
colour of. At-Hrst indeed it well going remained, after-
wards to-order not was attaching (4 = did not obey).

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER 25

marea, k^ori kitilie ue ? " fi^or ki dAsna si ? oda koi
pAta nei Ugia. cokha cir sauka-r puis kolo tola J ui
keranda rea. kAia bAndea nil phArea ui sane, pAr
kise kolo cori da pAta na la sAke.

kjOri di cori da sduka'r ed:d ^Am klidda pAi sarea
nu xjal si pAi j^ati fi^oi" ^^-^^di es k^ori nel rAkhni, te SAc:i
mrc:i koi Ath dAS uAre rAk:lii ui nel sasu. At:ha dAsa
uArea pic: he 6nu Far rAkihen di dalil a* gei. setki
cit:a k^ora * gujrafco lea su. 6 ui mora nel si, ode
uic sirf in:i gAl si, bAgn te gtj'.ea fi^oea nei si. tAd ui

05 akhea si pAi " do tne uari jo' lage, te gtj jaega."
jAd onu joea si 6 es tAra turea pAi sAmjo sari umr

lj:o kAsb kArda rea. sduka'r ui socgn lAga pAi " e ta
cAijga mal fi^Ath aea." pAr ik dm 6 kise pind kise
karzai kolo rupAJie lisn gea si. jandi uari k^ora bilkrl
thik gea si, pAr pArtdea uari xore 6nii ki h^o gea,
ca'ncAk:e 6 bezore nAs:9n dsfe pea. sduka'r til lake
uag:a khic:e, pAr k^ora na mAn:e. chekre rd de ik:i
dAnde bAg:i ul'ta dit:i. sduka'r te S(.i'S sir pArne dig
pAe. JAd fi^oj a' gei ne 6 fi<.Aoli fi^Aoli digde tj^sende
Api?e kjAr Apre. trAe fi|.Afte mAnjia te lAm:e pAe rAe.

6 k^ora ik:i ja^ nu ue'cke de chAd:ea.

Fer ui ik uari k^ora lea su, lal rAgg da pAel'e te
6 thik janda rea, mAg-ero akhe nei si Ugda. onu ik

26 A PANJABI PHONETIC READER

It one whip rider {i.e., trainer) of near was-sent by-him and
great rupees also spending were-made. That after some-
what well going remained, but to-it swelling became ( = 2).
One night one mill in horse remained. Big time-at (2 =
in the morning) when groom arose then -vvhat-was-seen
that horse dead become fallen is. This after that mer-
chant-by horse keeping of {i.e., against) oath was-eaten
{i.e., taken).

A PANJABI PHONETIC READER 27

cabok swur de kol torea su te bAre iipAJie vi xArc
kite. 6de pic:he ktrj \ia1 turda rea pAi- onii resAoli
fijO gei. ik rat ik khra-s uic k;.ora rea. UAd:e uele
jAd sJ'S ut:hea te ki dit:ha pAi k^ora moea fi(.oea
pea e. ede pic:he os sauku'r k^ora rAkihsn di sao
khddi.

VOCABULARY

The alphabetical order of phonetic symbols is : a, ae, a, b,
c, d, d, e, a, f, f, g, g, h, fi, „ i, i, j, j, j, k, 1, 1, m, n,
n, ji, i|, 0, 0, p, r, r, s, J, t, t, u, u, u, w, x, z. The

signs ~ and " do not afifect the order.

To save space the strictly alphabetical order lias some-
times been departed from, but the order is adhered to so far
as the first two letters of each word are concerned.

ABBREVIATIONS

ac.

accusative

■»(.,

mascidine

adj ,

adjective

II.,

noun

adv. ,

adverb

M'l/.

negative

conj.,

eonjimction

obl.,

oblique

dal.,

, dative

p.c,

present conditional

def..

defective

pi;

plural

emph. ,

emphatic

pr.,

pronoun, pronominal

/■,/<■»'•,

feminine

prp.

, preposition

flit.,

future

rel. ,

relative

(/en.

genitive

«>

singular

i.

intransitive

Sll/.,

suffix

ill) r. ,

imperative

t-.

transitive

int.

interjection

»■■,

verb

iiittrro(/.

, interrogative

xw.

vocative

loc,

locative

1(1.,

with

Regular inflected forms will be found under the simple words (for
verbs the roots, for nouns and adjectives the nominatives). Irregular
inflected forms will be found in their proper alphabetical place.

a, «, root of Aona
a, (7, pr.suf., to or of thee
d, cih, pr., this
admi, cidmi, n.m., man
aea, ai, ake, see Aona
akh, alth, v., say, djida {ahn-
dd), akhea, axke {akhke),
dnde, saying (akh) [okho

auke, having come (Aoua)
apu, dpu, pr., self ; also ope

QU-QgQ(««'ag'a)-ega(-i); (Aona)

8bm3k, ahmak, adj., foolish ;

-Q, voc; -puna, -puna, n.m.,

folly
setki, aitkl, adv., this time

Abil, abbal, adj., first

Ag:-e, agge, adv., prp., former-
ly, in futm-e, in front ; -5,
fiomin front of

30

VOCABULARY

Ag-a, a^a, adv., forwards ; -la,

former, future
AJ, ajj, adv., to-day
A^ih, alclih, n.f., eye; j)l. -ia
Ak, akh, \., get tired of; -ke
Akl, alcl, n.m.f., sense [sar
AHibarsAr, Amharsar, Amrit-
Aiidar, andar, adv., inside
Aokha, aukhd, adj., troubled,

with difficulty
Aon, atin, p.c, Aona
Aona, aimd, v., come; Aonda,

aea, ake, anke, au-aga,-ega
Ap:3r, appar, v., arrive ; -ke
Apn-a, apid, adj., own ; -i, -e,
Arab, Arab, n.m., Arabia [-ea
AT, ar, v., stop, pull back ; -ke
AS-1 asi, pr., we; obi., -a
Asl, as!, n.f., reality, origin
Asr, asr, n.m., effect
Ath, afth, adj.,. eight; obi, :a
Axe, akhe, v.def., he said, one

says

ba, bd, n.f., sense
badja, bddshdh, n.m., king
bdj5, bdjho, prp., except, be-
bal, bdl, n.m., child [sides
bdla, bdhld, adj., much, very
bai, bdl, v.t., light ; -ke
bse, baih, v., sit; -na(n), -ke
bAC, bac, v.i., save oneself, be

saved ; -ke
bAc:a, baccd, n.m., child
bAida, baddhd, tied ; from

bAn:
bAg:a, baggd, adj., white
bAgii, bagghi, n.f., small car-
riage, trap [-e
bAkr-a, bakrd, n.m., goat; -i,

bAiida, 6(X«f/((, n.m.,man ; -ea
bAndabAst, bandobast, n.m.,

arrangement
bAii:e, bannc, adv., outside
bAn, ban, v., become; -an
bAot, buuht, also bAota, adj.,

much [very ; -e

bAT-a, bard, adj., much, many,
bAS, bas, enough
bAtii, battt, n f., lamp
beb:e, bcbbe, n.f., mother
becOj, behosh, adj., vmcon-

scious [less

bersem, berahm, adj , merci-
beuskufi, beivakilfl, n.f., folly
baoa, bacd, v., save [care

bscmt, becint, adj., without
bsgrota, bagrotd, n.m., kid ; -e
bamar, bamar, adj., ill
bana, band, v. make
barabar, ftarafear, adv., always
bazar, bazar, n.m., bazaar ;-o
bazore, bezore, adv, out of

control
b^a, bahd, v., cause to sit ; -ea
bilkul, bilkull, adv., alto-
bura, burd, adj., evil [gether

cabak, cdbah, n.m., whip
cacia, cdccd, n.m., father, un-
cle [denly
cancAkie, cdncakke, adv., sud-
car, car, adj., four, care, the

four
caI, cal, v., go, come ; -:ea, -e
CAi)g-a, cahga, adj., good; -i
CAot:ha, cauthd, adj., fourth; -e
cAr, carh, v., mount
capit-a (-e), cajntd, word
added to cop , . \

VOCABULARY

31

chAd:, chadd, v., leave ; -ea

(-i, -ia), -da, -e [-on

chAp:, chapp, v., hide oneself ;

chek-re, cMkre, adv. , at last ;

•orla, adj.,Jast
cheti, chcti, adv., quickly
chota, chotd, adj., small
CcOru, jharu, n.m., broom
Ci^hcL, jhalld, adj., mad; -e
CcAlpuna,y/raip«««, n.m., folly
CcA.t,jhat, adv., at once
Ccig:a, jhiggd, n.m., shirt
CcUth, jhiith, n.m., ifalsehood
cir, cir, n.m., time, delay
cit:a, cittd, adj., white
cokha, cokhd, adj., much, very
cor, cor, n.m., thief ; -a; cori,

n.f., theft
cuk, cukk, v., lift ; -ke
cup, cup, adj., silent
cw'ra, curd, v., steal

da, dd, n.m., direction, man-
ner
da, dd, of ; di, de, ded, did
dAbke, dabke, with force or
vigour [edge; -e

dAnda, dandd, n.m., side,
dATj, darj, adj., written
dATja, darjd, n.m., rank; -e
dArzi, daml, n.m., tailor
dA8, das, adj., ten ; obi., -a
dAsi, dass, v., show ; -ea, -a
de, de, v., give; -aga, -n:a
des, des, n.m., country
dare, dare, adv., direction
dalil, dalil, n.f., reasoning ; -i
dicara, dihdrd, n.m., day ; -e
dil, dil, n.m., heart
dilii, Diin, Delhi

dm, din, n.m., day [-ia

dit:a, dittd, given (from de);
dioa, dUi'il , n. m. , earthen lamp
do, do, adj., two, doue, the two
dost, dost, n.m., friend
dft, dilh, obl.pl. of do
duna, dund, adj., double
du}:a, diijjd, adj., second; -e
durad:a, durdddd, adj., dis-
tant ; -e
dwa, dud, v., cause to be given
dwai, dual, n.f., medicine
ddda, ddhdd, adj., very : -i, -e
dagdar, ddgddr, n.m.^ doctor
dak, ddk, n.f., post, mail
dA, daih, v., be engaged in
dAijgor, dangar, n.m., cattle
deora, deorhd, adj., one and

a half ; -e
dig,(?tgr,v.,fall;-da(-e) [uex)
dit:ha, ditthd, seen ; (from

e, eh, pr., this ; obi., es; emph.,

ese; pl.obI., end
e, e, v., thou art [ther

ed:3r, eddhar, adv., here, hi-
ed;a, eddd, adj., so much ; -i
end, see e

et:he, etthe, adv., here, hither
acAxj, acarj, adj., surprising
9FS0S, afsos, n.m., sorrow
ojseb, ajaib, adj., strange
olaj, aldj, n.m., remedy
os^a, hasd, v., cause to laugh ;

-e ^ [-e

as^anuala, hasdmvdld, jester ;

fikr, nkiifikr, n.m., anxiety
farist, fihrist, n.f., list
Fer, p^ier, adv., again

32

VOCABULARY

gal, <jdl, n.f. abuse; pi., gdla
gAd:i, gculcjT, n.t. traiii, rail-
way carriage
gAe, (jae, they went ; (jona)
gAl, gall, n.f., matter, thing;
gAo, (jaiL, v., sing; gAonda
gea, ged, he went; (jana), gei,
geia [to pucihea

gic:hea, gicched, word added
gij, gijjh, v., become used to ;
-ea [-e

guacea, gudced, lost ; (guac),
gujrat, Gujrdt, n.f. ; -8
gAlti, galti, n.f., fault

ficd, ha, adv., yes [-e

ficdsia, hdssd, n.m., laughter ;
ficdta, hdtd, n m., compound ;
-e [tion; -e

ficdzma, hdzmd, n.m., diges-
ficSe, hai, is ; fic^si, was [-i
ficAc:lia, hacchd, adj., good;
ficAe, /lae, int., alas !
ficAfta, haftd, n.m., week; -e
AcAla, /iaZa, int., indeed, very

well
ficAoli, hault, adv., slowly
flcAS, /lass, v., to laugh; -ea
(e), -an [ii^Attho

fi^Ath, hatth, n.m., hand;
fijAzrat, /ia2raiS,n.m.,his high-
ness [absurd !
fi(.ek:lia, hekkha, int., never!
fi(.ethd, hethcl, adv., down-
wards
ficCth, heth, prp., adv., under-
neath
fi^aran, /laraw, adj., astonished
flcmd-u, hindn, Hindu; f.,-ni
&Jla, Mid, n.m., quickness

&^o, ho, v., be, become; -nda,
(-6, -ea), -ea, (i, e), -ke, -ngia

fi;.or, hd7-, adj., other; obl.s.,
-i ; pi., -na [sciousness

iieOj, hosh, n.f., sense, con-

ficTikxd, hukkd, n.m., Indian
pipe

iicUkm, hukm, n.m., command

fi^^n, hun, adv., now

ficUnda, same as fi^onda ; -id

i, particle of emphasis
ijioi, Ihoi, emph., of e, this
ic, for Die, in
ik,ikk, pr., one ; obi., ikii ;

emph., ikioi
in: a, innd, pr., so much ; -i
iziat, izzat, n.f., honour

jar, ydr, n.m., friend
JA:ka, yakkd, n.m., ekka, na-
tive conveyance ; -e
jcOti, haydti, adv., during life

ia;jd,\., go; jana, janda (-i,-e)
gea (gei, gAe), ja-ke-nuala,
-i-ie-o, -n, -ega [ance ; -a
janti, jdnu, n.m., acquairit-
jap, jdp, v., seem ; -da (-i) '
jAd, jaAo, jado, adv., when
jAna, jana, n.m., man ; -e, -ea
p^iha,japphd, n.m., embrace
jAti.^a^^, n.m., farmer ; -a
jAtn, jatan, n.m., endeavour
l^,je, conj., if [of; -i

jea, jehd, rel.adj., what kind
jera, jehrd, rel.pr., who ; -i, -e
jes, jes, obi. of jo
paaai, jand7il, n.t, woman
ji, ji. Sir, Madam

VOCABULARY

33

ji, jida (whose), jinfl (whom),

see }o
jicar, jicar, adv., so long as
JO, jo, v., harness ; -ea
JO, jo, rel.pr., who ; gen., jida,

pl.obl., jraa
pga,jogd, adj., suitable ; -i, -e
jwab, jtidb, n.m., answer
juan, judn, n.m., young man

kai, same as koi
kdl, kdhl, n.f., haste
kola, kdld, adj., black; -i
keenci, kainct, n.f., scissors
kAd-i, kadi, adv., sometimes ;

-0, when ?
kAdx, kaddh, v., eject ; -ea (-1,

-id)
kAi, kal, pr., some, many ;

obi., -Q
kAk:h, kakkh, n.m., bit of

straw; w.neg., nothing
kAl, kail, adv., yesterday
kAlia, kalld, adj., alone; -e;

kAl makAha, alone
kAm, kamvi, n.m., work
kAnda, kandhd, n.m., side,

edge; -e
kAijion, kahhan, n.m., brace-
let ■
kAon, kaun, pr., who?
kApra, kaprd, n.m., cloth ; -e
iAT, kar, v., do; -na, -da (-e),

-i-a-e-ie, -n, -nge, -nala, -Ida
kAsb, kasb, n.m., trade
kAsd, kasd, n.m., desire;
kAtr, katr, v.", clip ; -ke
kea, ivM, int. adj., what kind

of ; also keojea (-1) [-e
kera, fce\TO,interrog.pr.,who?

kora, kard, v., cause to be

done; -nda
korzai, karzdi, n.m., debtor
kha, kha, v., eat ; -nda, khdda
(-i), khan [ing after

khsera, khainl, n.m., follow-
khab:a, khabbd, adj., left (not

right); -e
khAT, khar, v., take away
khslar, khaldr, v., cause to

stand ; -ea
khic:, khicc, v., pull ; -on, -e
khio, khlo, v., stand; -n; kJilo-

ta, past part.
khol, khol, v., open ; -ke
khota, khotd, n.m., ass ; -e
khrac, khrdc, V., be lost
khrak, khrdk, n.m., noise
khras, khrds, n.m., flour-mill
khii, khuh, n.m., well ; -a
kcani, kahdnl, n.f., story
keSenta, ghainta, n.m., hour ;

-e"(-i)
k^, ghar, n.m., house ; -o
k^At, ghatt, a little less
kcim, hakim, n.m., doctor
k(.ora, ghdrd, n.m., horse
ki, kl, int.pr., what ?
kira, klrd, n.m., worm, snake
kita, kitd, done; -i; from kAr
kida, kihdd, whose ? (gen. of
kAon) [-i

knua, kinnd, pr., how much ?
kise, obi. of koi
kitab, kitdb, n.f., book
kitole, kitale, adv., some-
where [whither ?
kitihe, kitthc, adv., where,
kiue, kiwe, adv., somehow,
with difficulty

34

VOCABULARY

kjti, kyu, adv., why?
k6, koh, n.,m., mile and a half
koi, hot, pr., someone, anyone
kol, kol, adv., prp., near, be-
side ; -5
kojij, koshish, n.f., effort
kothi, kothi, n.f., house
ku, ku, approximately (en-
clitic)
kuara, kiulnl, adj., unmarried
kuj, kujjh, pr., something,

somewhat
kujraala, Gujmivdla ; -e
kumicar, kumhiar, n.m., pot-
ter
ktir, kurh, n.f., cow-house
kurdcAor, ghurdaur, n.f.,

horse-racing
kwa, kua, v., call; -ke

la, Id, v., attach, &c.; lanuala,
-e [-ke

Id, Idh, v., bring down; -n,

lacari, lacdrl, n.f., helpless-
ness

laga, fut. of Ise, take

lal, Idl, adj., red [lenia

lae, lai, v., take ; -na (ni), -n,

1^, laih, v., come down

l^r, laihr, n.f., joke

Ubi, labbh, v., find, be found ;
-da (e), -an

Lie, pi. of lea

lAg:, lagg, v., be attached,
stick ; -a (e, i), -da (e), -ie

lAg-a, lagd, v.def., began, is
going to; -i. Uga janda,
going along ; — Aonda, com-
ing along

Lu, lai, prp., for, for sake of

lAiiua, lammd, adj., long; -i,-e
lAr)-, lanh, v., pass; -na
Iat, lar, v., fight ; -ea
lea, led, taken; (Isb); -i, -id,

lAe ; len:a, am taking
leAona, leauna, v., bring; -nda

(id), past, leanda; p.c,

leaue ; pi. leAon
leije, 1st pi. p.c. of lae
IcAor, Lahaur, Lahore
liAona, same as leAona ; imv.,

liao, liAon
lil:a, liUa, f.pl., w., lutna,

amuse oneself [-ea, -dga
lix, likh, or likh, v., write;
lok, lok, n., people ; -a
loksl, Idkal, " local," i.e., slow

(train)
luti, lutt, v., rob ; see liha

ma, md, n.f., mother
mal, mdl, n.rn., property
malak, mdlak, n.m., master
mar, mar, v., beat; -ke
mared, mdrea, prp., w., de

(from da), on account of
mara, mdrd, adj., feeble, weak
majki, mdshki, n.m., water-
, carrier [ing

matam, mdiam, n.m., mourn-
m^, tnal, pr., I
mAdat, madat, n.f., help
mAgar, magar, prp., after ; -6

adv., afterwards
mAlea fi^oea, vialed hoed,

rubbed, ill ; -e -e
mAlkri, malkri, adv., quietly
mAnt, viann, v., admit ; -e,

-ie, -an
mAnji, mcmjl, n.f., bed; -a

VOCABULARY

35

mAolui, maulwl, n.m., Muslim

scholar
mAT, mar, v., die; moea
mArzi, mar mi, n.f., desire
mAsfi, masa, adv., with difB-
culty [mous

mAjOcUr, mashdhilr, adj., fa-
mAt, matt, n.f., advice, sense
mAtlab, matlab, n.m., mean-
ing
mAza, maza, n.m., relish; -e
mela, mela, n.m., fair ; -e
majcd, majdl, n.f., will ; — e, is
it possible ? [pelled

majbur, majbur, adj., com-
waknji, .mahan, n.m., house
msluiu, malum, adj., known
maloona, malwdm, n.m., Mus-
lim priest ; -e
m8i)ga, manga, send for ; -e, -i
lusnU, menu, to me,
niceja, hameshd, adv., always
mijia, miyya, n.m., Muslim

priest
mil, mil, v., be obtained; -ea
mi't, mit, shut (eyes) ; -ke
moea,-dead ; from mAr
mdnda, mmidhd, n.m., shoul-
der; ea
muaf, mudf, forgiven [sAc:i
mucii, mucci, word added to
mtrka, mukd, v., finish
mul, mull, n.m., price
mulx, mulkh, n.m., country
muna, mund, v. , shave ; -ea,-ke
munda, mundd, n.m., boy ; -e
mur, mur adv., again
mur, wMr, v., turn ; -ea, -ke

na, nd, adv., no, not

na, nd, n.m., name

nal, ndl, prp., with; -e, adv.,

and ; -e . . . -e, both . . and;

. -6, than ; -o nal, together
mxvD.TjvaA,ndmurdd, adj.,

graceless ; voc, -a
nAC, nac, v., dance; -da
nAFa, nafd, n.m., profit
iiAokar, watt A;ar, n.m., servant;

-i, n.f., service [-an

HAS, nass, v., run away; -ke,
nAzr, nazr, n.f., sight ; loc.pl. ,
nAua, naivd, adj., new ; -i [-i
ne, ne, they are, to them
nei, neht, adv., not
nere, nere, prp., adv., near ; -5
namoz, namdz, n.f., prayer
nik:a, nikkd, adj., small; .i,-e
nikl, nikl, v., emerge ; see trd
nira, nird, adv., only; -e
nil, nU, prp., to, sign of accus.
nuksan, nuksdn, n.m., loss

6, oh, pr., that ; gen., -da, dat;
ac, -ati {see da, nu) ; pl.ob.,
-na [thither

6d:ar, oddhar, adv., there,
odti, odu, than that, from
that, then [to male

06, oe, int., O ; used by male
ohio, ohho, int.. Oh, alas !
Si, emph. of 6
onia, onnd, so much ; -e
opra, oprd, adj., stranger
OS, obi. of 6 ; ose, emph. of os
otihe,otthe, adv. , there, thither

pa, pa, v., put, etc. ; -ea (e)
pasa, pdsd, n.m., direction;
-e; loc.pl., -i

36

VOCABULARY

pse. pai, v., fall, etc.
pafel'e, paihle, adv., first
pseli, paili, n.f., field ; -ia
'pxJiici, paindd, n.in,, distance
paer, pair, n.m., foot ; -a
pAe, pi. of pea
pAi, pai, (1) conj., that; (2)

fem. of pea
pAnj, panj, adj., five
pAoc, paiihc, v., arrive; -ea (i)
pAona, paunci, adj., quarter

less than ; -i
pAr, par, conj., but
pAme, parne, prp., on (on his

head, etc.) [-ea, 2nd fut.,-6da
pArt,pari, v., return; -da(ea),
pAr, parh, v., read, recite;

-da (-i, e, ea), -ea
pAta, paid, n.m., trace, in-
formation
pAt:he, patthe, m.pl., fodder
pea, fell, etc., from pse ; pL,

pAe
phAr, phar, v., seize ; -ea (-1)
phera,p/jera, n.m., turn, time;

-e [seized ; -ke

phara, phard, v., cause to be
Peara, bhard, n.m., fare, rent
Peaue, conj., whether
p^Aji, bhajj, v., run ; -ea
PcUk:h, bhukk, n.f., hunger
PcUjie, bhunye, adv., on the

ground [(e)

pi, pi, v., drink, smoke ; -nda
pila, pild, adj., yellow
picihe, picc/ie, prp., adv., after,
piar, pidr, n.m., love [back
Tpiad, pind, n.m., village; -a
pija, pisha, adv., back
pjo, pyo, n.m., father

pucih, pucch, v., ask ; -ea (i),

-da (e, ea), -an
pucha, pucfid, v., cause to be

asked ; -nda (e, ea)
pulsuala, pidsiudld, n.m., po-
liceman ; -6 (pills = police,
see uala) [dead ; -e

ptira, p«ra, adj., complete,
puti8r,"j)M^tor, n.m., son
put:ha,]pti(/ia, adj., upside
down ; -i

rd, rdh, n.m., way ; rdi, way-
farer
raja, rdjd, n-.m., king ; -e_
rakhi, rdkhi, n.i, protection
rani, rani, n.f., queen
r^, raih, v., remain ; -nda (i),

-nuala ; -n:a, I remain
rAb, Babb, n.m., God
rAe, pi. of rea, remained ; rAo,

imv., of r^
rAgr, ragar, v., rub, gobble
rAk:h (rAx), rakkh, place,

keep ; -da, -ke, -fl
rAgg, rang, n.m., colour [-e
rAra, rard, adj., bare (place);
rASia rassd, n.m., rope .
r§a, rehd, remained (rae), -i*
rais, rats, n.m., chief man ; -a
rasAoli, rasauli, n.f., swelling
ro, rd, v., weep ; -nda (e), -n
roti, roti, n.f., flat loaf ; -S
rtikih, rukkh, n.m., tree; -a
rupAJia, rtipayyd, n.m., ru-
pee ; -e

sd, sdh, n.m., breath

sdb, sdhb, n.m., gentleman, sir

sada, sddd, adj., simple

VOCABULARY

37

sad:a, sdddd, ad|., our ; -e

sal, sal, n.m., year.

son, sdn, they were

sara, sard, adj., all; -i, -e, -ea

sasu = si + su, was of him or

to him
sathi, sdtM, n.m., companion
sdukar, sdhuhdr, n.m., ban-
ker, merchant [loc, -ni
sAb, sabbh, all; obi., -na,
SAc:a, saccd, adj., true; -i
muc:i, truly [means

sAdke, following ji, by all
SAfr, safr, n.m., journey
SAjia, sajjd, adj., right (not
left); -e [-e -na

sAk, sak, v., be able ; -da (i, e)
sAkkhna, sakkhna, adj. , empty
sAmj, samjh, v., understand;
SAO, sao, you were [-ke, -o
SAO, sail, adj., hundred
SAO, sau, v., sleep; -n
sAo, sauh, n.f., oath
sAokha, saukhd, adj., easy
SArke, sarke, loc. of sArak,

n.f., road
SAr, sar, v., be burnt ; -n
sAsta, sastd, adj., cheap
SAt, satt, adj., seven
SAxti, sakhti, n.f., severity
salom, saldm, n.m.f., saluta-
tion [bles, etc. ; -e
soluna, salund, n.m., vegeta-
s<is, sahls, n.m., groom
si, SI, was

sid, siah, adj., black
siana, siand, adj., clever
sidia, siddhd, adj., simple,

straight
sir, sir, n.m., head

sirf, sir/, adv., only

sld, saldh, n.f., advice

soc, soc, v., think; -ea, -ke,

-ie, -'an
solo, sold, adj., sixteen
sdna, sohnd, adj., beautiful,

fine ; -i, -e
sota, sotd, n.m., stick
stAboI, stabal, n.m., stable
stejn, steshan, n.m., railway-
station
su, su, of or to him
stjdagar, suddgar, n.m., mer-
chant ; -a
suk:h, sukkh, n.m., welfare
sun, sun, v., hear ; -ea (i), -ke,

-e, -ida (id)
su'na, sund, v., cause to be
heard, tell ; -nda, -ao, -n:a
sut, sftt, n.m., puff at pipe
swa, sua, v., have sewn ; -n
swar, suar, n., adj., mounted,

rider
sza, sazd, n.f., punishment

Jam, sham, n.f., evening; -i,

in the evening
Jaed, shaid, adv., perhaps
Jsfer, shair, n.m., city ; -o
jAk, shakk, n.m., doubt
jAok, shauk, n.m., liking
jAnn, sharm, n.f., shame
Jitabi, shitabi, adv., quickly;

also Jtabi

tfi, td, adv., then, in that case
tai, tat, prp., up to
takot, tdkat, n.f., power,
strength [bonic, etc.)

taun, tdiin, n.f., plague (bur

38

VOCABULARY

tAgra, iagfra, adj., strong, im-
portant
tAoba, taubd, n.f., repentance
tATQ, tarhd, manner, way [-e
tArp, tarp, v., be in distress ;
te, te, adv., indeed; prp.,

upon ; conj., and
tera, terd, adj., thy; -e, -i
takid, taMd, n.f., emphasis
tslaj, taldsh, n.f., search
tamaja, tamdshd, n.m., fun,

display
tcAon, dhaun, n.f., neck
tha, thd, n.m., place
thAo, thau, n.m., knowledge
thora, thora, adj., little ; -e
tikar, tlkar, prp., up to
ticOn, dhidn, n.m., reflection
tiar, tidr, adj., ready [start
trd, trdh, n.m., w., nikl, get a
trse, trai, adj., three
trijia, trijjd, adj., third ; -i, -e
trik:ha, trikkhd, adj., swift ;

-e
trifl, triuh, obi. of trae
tu, ti,, pr., thou [-nu, to you
tWctt-dia (e), tuhdddd, your;
tus-i, hisi, pr., you; obi., -a
tAb:9r, tahbar, n.m., family,
wife [tAkirett

tAkiar, takkar, v., meet ;
tAp, ta;pp, v., leap; -da
thak, thdk, v., reprove; -na
thik, thik, adj., right, correct
t^ffi, dhai, v., fall ; -nda (e)
t^Agia, dhaggd, n.m., ox, bull ;
-e [oculation

tika, tikd, n.m,, mark of in-
tikat, tikat, n.m., ticket
til, hl,-n.ra., force, effort

tor, tor, v., cause to go ; -da
tur, tur, v., walk, go ; -da (e),-ii
tukiar, tukkar, n.m., piece
of bread, food

tzo, uho, emph. of 6 [aloud
Tjcia, ucca, adj., high; uch,
udik, udik, v., wait for ; -na,

-da [(eyes)

ugiar, ugghar, v., be opened
uk:a, tikkd, altogether; w.

neg., not at all; -i [down
ul'ta, ultd, v., turn upside
Timr, umr, n.f., age
uth, utth, v., rise; -ke, -:an
utr, iitar, v., descend

ua, tvd, n.f., wind
ua, wa, I am [ly

ud va, wdhwa, adv., extreme-
uag, wdg, n.f., rein; -:a
uah, wdh, int., of surprise,
contempt [-i, -e

uala, wdld, agent, owner, etc.,
uari, wan, n.f., a time (once,
twice, etc.) [sake of

uaste, waste, prp., w.de, for
UACiha, wacchd, n.m., calf
uAd, waddh, v., progress, in-
crease ; -ea (e)
UAdia, waddd, adj., big; -e
UAFodor, wafdddr, adj., faith-
ful [woman, etc., (voc.)
uaI, wai, my man, my good
uaI:, wall, prp,, towards; -6,

tov/aids, according to
tJAl, tvall, adj., good, well
UAoti, wauMl, n.f., wife [(efl)
uAra, warhd, n.m., year ; -e,
13 AT, war, v., enter; -da, -ea

VOCABULARY

39

ue, we, is [-anuala (e, ea)
uec, wee, v., sell ; -da (e), -ke,
uelo, wela, n.m., time ; -e
uenda, wehndd, looking (uex,

irreg.)
veri, same as uari
oex (or oekh), wekh, look, see;

■ea {or ditiha), -ke
uexS, wekhd, look !
uacora, wacara, adj., poor fel-
low ; -8, -ea
U3ga, ioag.a, v., cause to go
usgar, wagdr, v., spoil ; -ie
uazir, wazlr, n.m., Vizier
uazirabad, Wazirabdd
ui, wl, adv., also, even
01, wih, adj., twenty
Uid, wiah, n.m., marriage

Uic, wicc, prp., m ; -:6
uigar, ivig.ar, v., be spoiled ; -e
Uilset, wilait, n.f., Europe,
America

xaer, Ichair, int., well
XAbar, khabar, n.f., news
XAPO, Icharc, n.m., expense
xalifa, khalifa, title of tailor
xial, khidl, n.m., thought ;

also xjal
xore, ^^a?tre,int.,whoknows?
xrid, kharld. v., buy ; -ea (i)
xttJ, khttsh, adj., happy
ZAra, zard, a little, slightly ;

emph., za'ra
zamona, zamdnd, n.m., age,

time ; -e

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